不同地下水位下渠基冻胀规律与保温板适宜厚度确定

为探明河套灌区不同地下水位条件下渠基冻胀的差异,了解地下水位变化对渠基土壤水分迁移和力学性能的影响,该文通过建立不同地下水位冻胀试验平台并结合原型渠道,分析了不同地下水位对铺设不同厚度聚苯板的基土冻胀的影响,阐述了冻胀率和截面弯矩沿渠坡的分布规律,提出了不同地下水位下聚苯板适宜铺设厚度的理论计算公式。试验得出,每降低1 cm地下水位,基土冻胀量减小0.15 cm。当地下水位降低0.5~1.0 m后,削减冻胀率为71%~83.8%。地下水位下降有效阻止或延缓了土壤毛细水的上升,降低了0~30 cm土层的土壤水分,有效阻止了冻结锋面水分的迁移,减小了土体中冰夹层的形成,从而降低了土体的冻胀变形。并且,渠道的冻胀破坏部位随着地下水位的不同而发生变化。该研究可为北方季节性冻土区骨干渠道保温防冻胀技术研究提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

土培条件下外源硒对黄芪吸收和转运硒的影响

以黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus)和2种价态的硒为主要研究对象,采用土壤盆栽试验方法探讨了添加不同浓度(0,2,4,6,8mg/kg土)硒酸钠(SeVI)和亚硒酸钠(SeIV)对黄芪地上部和根系硒累积与分配的影响。结果表明:土壤中添加硒浓度为2~6mg/kg的亚硒酸钠有利于黄芪地上部和根部干物质的累积,比CK增加34.55%~38.24%,但是添加硒浓度超过2mg/kg的硒酸钠抑制了黄芪植株的生长;添加不同浓度的2种形态硒均可显著提高黄芪地上部和根部硒浓度,且土壤中添加硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠的硒浓度分别与黄芪植株硒含量呈极显著正相关关系(SeVI:r=0.884**,SeIV:r=0.973**);随着硒处理浓度的升高,添加硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠处理的黄芪根系对硒吸收能力高于对照,转移系数和富集系数均大于1,且硒含量地上部根部,这表明土壤中添加外源硒可以提高黄芪对硒的吸收和转运能力。综上所述,在中性偏碱性土壤上施用硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠均可促进黄芪对外源硒的吸收、转运和累积,且土壤施用2~6mg/kg的亚硒酸钠对黄芪的生长和硒的累积效果更好。     

硒锌和富啡酸配施对紫花苜蓿叶片抗氧化酶活性及产量的影响

在氮磷钾供应充分情况下,采用大田小区试验方法,通过播前基施硒（Se）、锌（Zn）微肥和腐殖酸（富啡酸,fulvic acid,FA）,设对照（CK,不施肥）、施氮磷钾（NPK）、增施富啡酸（NPK+FA）、增施锌、硒微肥（NPK+Zn+Se）、增施富啡酸和锌、硒微肥（NPK+FA+Zn+Se）等5个不同施肥处理,在严重缺硒和锌石灰性土壤中,研究了硒锌和富啡酸配施对紫花苜蓿叶片内过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）等抗氧化酶活性、游离脯氨酸（Pro）及丙二醛（MDA）和干草产量的影响。结果表明：两茬中叶片过氧化物酶（POD）活性均以NPK+FA处理最高,其次是NPK+FA+Zn+Se处理,说明富啡酸（FA）比微肥（Se+Zn）更能有效提高紫花苜蓿叶片过氧化物酶活性,而硒锌对其活性影响不显著;硒锌与富啡酸配施可显著提高紫花苜蓿叶片内游离脯氨酸（Pro）含量、过氧化氢酶（CAT）及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,从而显著提高紫花苜蓿抗氧化能力;但各施肥处理对丙二醛（MDA）无显著影响。施肥可显著提高紫花苜蓿产量,施用富啡酸比硒锌微肥的增产效果更明显,且硒锌与富啡酸配施效果最好。因此,在氮磷钾供应充足条件下,适量硒锌微肥或富啡酸均能显著提高紫花苜蓿的抗氧化能力及提高紫花苜蓿产量,且微肥和富啡酸配施效果最好。     

High-temperature-tolerant mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) lines produce better yields when exposed to higher CO2 levels

Increasing global air temperatures, along with rising CO₂ levels, are causing concerns about reducing available freshwater resources and altering cropping patterns. They may influence overall growth and production pattern of crop plants. These likely changes would become major limiting factors for future sustainable food production largely in the tropics and subtropics. Thus, understanding physiological responses hold the key to determining the functional relationship between the environment and crop performance. We explore here the impact of rising CO₂ on the growth and yield traits of a few selected high-temperature (HT)-tolerant mungbean lines, which we earlier screened for HT tolerance using a physiological assay under managed growth conditions. The HT-tolerant lines grown under elevated CO₂ levels (550 and 700 μL L^?1) showed a considerable improvement in growth rates (13.5%, 67.8%, and 46.5% in plant height, leaf area, and total dry matter, respectively) and pod and seed yield (48.7% and 31.7%, respectively), compared to local checks under the same environments. Interestingly, the symptoms of accelerated pod maturity were also observed in most of these lines. The outcome of the study would undoubtedly open up opportunities for increased yield potentials of legumes under the conditions of the warming climate and elevated levels of carbon dioxide.     

不同发展程度区域农户宅基地退出意愿的影响因素分析--以安徽省巢湖市太和村与太湖县安仓村为例

通过对安徽省两个不同经济发展程度的村落农户进行问卷调查和实地走访,得到两村农户对宅基地退出的相关意愿和影响因素数据。对比分析两村农户对宅基地退出意愿的主观影响因素,并运用多元有序 Logistic回归模型分析两村农户宅基地退出意愿的客观影响因素。研究结果表明,文化程度高低和宅基地闲置情况对两村农户宅基地退出意愿都有显著的正相关影响;家庭总人口数对经济较发达地区农户宅基地退出意愿有较显著的负向影响,在外务工或定居人数则有较显著的正向影响;宅基地面积则对经济欠发达地区农户有较显著的正向影响。针对以上结果,在完善宅基地退出机制时应着重考虑在不同经济发展程度地区的退出政策应当有不同的侧重点,对农户退出宅基地后的安置、社会保障、就业和子女教育等方面应当完善且要做好衔接,还要加强宅基地退出机制的科普和宣传力度。     

有机富硒肥对青钱柳叶中硒、微量元素及功效成分的影响

研究了叶面喷施有机富硒肥对不同树龄青钱柳叶中硒、重要微量元素及皂苷、黄酮、多糖等功效成分的影响。试验设高、中、低3个喷施剂量组,每100 g有机富硒肥中硒含量分别为6000、3000、1500 mg。分别在4、6、8月对10年生大树和3年生小树进行喷施,5、7、9月采摘。采摘后测定青钱柳叶中硒、微量元素以及功效成分的含量。研究结果表明：叶面喷施可显著提高青钱柳叶中硒含量,硒含量最高可达7.31 mg/kg,是空白组的41倍,且青钱柳叶中硒含量与喷施剂量呈正相关性;青钱柳叶中硒含量与喷施时间有关,5月与7月叶中硒含量相当,9月叶中硒含量明显降低;10年生大树叶中硒含量高于3年生小树。喷施有机富硒肥后青钱柳叶中镁、锌、铬、镍、钒含量增加,锰、铜含量降低。功效成分皂苷、黄酮、多糖含量均有所提高,分别达到2.8%,8.9%,2.4%。     

茶叶中多环芳烃污染水平及来源研究进展

在查阅国内外近20年来相关文献基础上,分析了茶叶中多环芳烃污染水平及分布规律,阐述了多环芳烃在茶叶种植、加工过程中的污染来源、环境行为和生物学效应,提出了新形势下茶叶产地环境对茶叶中多环芳烃污染来源的重要性,可为探寻茶叶中多环芳烃关键控制点,为进一步研究新环境下多环芳烃污染来源和开发风险控制技术提供思路。     

Assessment of nickel's sufficiency critical levels in cultivated soils,employing commonly used calibration techniques

Although Ni has been officially recognized as an essential micronutrient for all higher plants since 2004, research on assessing its sufficiency critical levels with different soil tests is missing in the literature. The objective of the study was to determine Ni critical levels in unpolluted cultivated soils utilizing four methods, employing three commonly used calibration techniques. Ten soils with different physical–chemical properties and low Ni content were treated with Ni at rates of 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg kg^?1. After equilibration for one month, the soils were analyzed for extractable Ni by four methods, namely DTPA, AB‐DTPA, AAAc‐EDTA, and Mehlich‐3. Response to soil‐applied Ni was assessed by a greenhouse pot experiment, with the untreated and Ni‐treated soils in three replications, using ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The aboveground biomass of ryegrass was harvested two months after sowing, dry weight of biomass was measured and relative biomass yield was calculated. Nickel's critical levels were determined employing the: (a) graphical technique of Brown and co‐workers, (b) Mitscherlich–Bray equation, and (c) Cate and Nelson graphical technique. According to the first technique, Ni critical levels were ≈ 2 mg kg^?1 for the DTPA and AB‐DTPA methods, and 6.0 and 5.3 mg kg^?1 for the AAAc‐EDTA and Mehlich‐3 methods, respectively. Similar levels were obtained by the Mitscherlich–Bray equation. However, the critical levels assessed by the Cate and Nelson technique were lower and ranged from 0.5 to 1.3 mg kg^?1 for all four methods. Conclusively, Ni sufficiency critical levels for all four methods are expected to range at levels of a few mg Ni kg^?1 of soil. As far as the three calibration techniques are concerned, a distinct boundary between Ni response and non‐response was accomplished by none. However, the fact that 60–74% of the soils were correctly separated into responsive and non‐responsive to added Ni by the graphical technique of Brown and co‐workers suggests that this is the most suitable technique.     

不同施氮量对滴灌春小麦根系时空分布、氮素利用率及产量的影响

为明确新疆干旱区滴灌春小麦不同施氮量对小麦根系的时空分布、氮素利用率及产量的影响。以‘新春19号’为试验材料,利用田间定位试验,研究在小麦拔节期、抽穗期、开花期及成熟期施氮量0kg/hm~2(N_0对照)、150kg/hm~2(N_1)、300kg/hm~2(N_2)、450kg/hm~2(N_3)4个处理,对小麦根系根长密度、根体积、根质量等在0~100cm土层的垂直分布、动态变化及产量构成因素和产量的影响。结果表明:开花期是各处理小麦根长密度、根体积与根质量变化最为剧烈阶段;0~20cm是各处理根量值(根质量、根体积、根长密度)最大层;施氮量适宜(N_2)时,表层根量增加,氮素利用率最高;施氮量过高(N_3)可获得较高的表层根量和产量,但导致最低的氮素利用率;施氮量过少(N_1)可获得较高氮素利用率,但土层根量和产量较低;氮素严重缺乏(N_0)导致表层土壤根系数量减少,影响养分吸收并导致产量最低。建议在新疆干旱区滴灌春小麦区域采用施氮量300kg/hm~2更有利于实现节肥和高产的统一。     

假结核耶尔森氏菌rpoS基因的抗胁迫功能

为探讨食源性病原微生物假结核耶尔森氏菌的抗逆机制,采用同源重组原理进行双交换以获得rpoS基因突变株。分别在5mmol/L H_2O_2和pH 3.5两种胁迫下测定野生型菌株、rpoS基因突变株和互补菌株的存活率,并以2′,7′-二氯荧光黄双乙酸盐(DCFH-DA)为荧光探针,测定两种胁迫下细菌胞内活性氧水平。结果显示,在5mmol/L H_2O_2和pH3.5胁迫下,假结核耶尔森氏菌rpoS基因突变株存活率明显降低,这种降低能够在互补菌株中得到恢复;突变株中胞内活性氧自由基水平明显高于野生型菌株和互补菌株。说明:rpoS基因具有帮助假结核耶尔森氏菌抗氧化胁迫和酸胁迫的功能,且这一功能的发挥是通过调节胞内活性氧水平实现的。